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SERAP Sues NNPC Ltd Over Missing N22.3bn, $49.7m, £14.3m, €5.2m Oil Money

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The Socio-Economic Rights and Accountability Project (SERAP) has filed a lawsuit against the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC Ltd) over the “failure to account for the alleged missing or diverted N22.3 billion, USD$49.7 million, £14.3 million and €5.2 million oil money.”

The suit followed the damning allegations documented in the 2022 audited report by the Auditor-General of the Federation, which was published on 9 September 2025.

In the suit number FHC/ABJ/CS/195/2026 filed last Friday at the Federal High Court in Abuja, SERAP is seeking: “an order of mandamus to direct and compel the NNPCL to account for the alleged missing or diverted N22.3 billion, USD$49.7 million, £14.3 million, and €5.2 million oil money.”

The SERAP is asking the court to “direct and compel the NNPCL to disclose the specific financial transactions carried out in respect of the alleged missing or diverted N22.3 billion, USD$49.7 million, £14.3 million and €5.2 million oil money, including details of disbursement, the contractors, and other individuals who collected the money.”

In the suit, SERAP is arguing that: “The diverted or misappropriated oil revenues reflect a failure of NNPCL accountability more generally and are directly linked to the institution’s continuing failure to uphold the principles of transparency and accountability.”

The SERAP is also arguing that, “granting the reliefs sought would strike a blow against the impunity of those responsible for the missing or diverted oil money, and ensure that the money is returned for the sake of NNPCL’s victims—Nigerians.”

The SERAP said, “The allegations have also undermined the economic development of the country, trapped the majority of Nigerians in poverty and deprived them of opportunities.”

According to the SERAP, “The Auditor-General has for many years documented reports of disappearance of oil money from the NNPCL. Nigerians continue to bear the brunt of these missing oil money meant to provide essential public services for Nigerians.”

The SERAP is also arguing that, “Combating the corruption epidemic in the oil sector would alleviate poverty, improve access of Nigerians to basic public goods and services, and enhance the ability of the government to meet its human rights and anti-corruption obligations.”

The lawsuit filed on behalf of the SERAP by its lawyers, Oluwakemi Agunbiade and Valentina Adegoke, read in part: “The diverted or misappropriated oil revenues have further damaged the already precarious economy and contributed to very high levels of deficit spending and borrowing by the government.”

“Despite the country’s enormous oil wealth, ordinary Nigerians have derived very little benefit from oil money primarily because of the widespread grand corruption including in the NNPCL, and the entrenched culture of impunity of perpetrators.”

“The grim allegations by the Auditor-General suggest a grave violation of the public trust and the provisions of the Nigerian Constitution, national anticorruption laws, and the country’s international human rights and anticorruption obligations.”

“According to the 2022 audited report by the Auditor General of the Federation, published on 9 September 2025, the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Limited (NNPCL) failed to account for over N22.3 billion, USD$49.7 million, £14.3 million and €5.2 million oil money.”

“The NNPCL in 2020 reportedly paid over N292 million [N292,609,972.29] ‘for a contract to construct an Accident and Emergency Facility along Airport Road, Abuja.’ But ‘the contractor has abandoned the contract, and failed to execute the job, despite collecting the fee.’”

“The Auditor-General fears the contract money may have been ‘diverted’. He wants the money ‘recovered from the contractor and remitted to the treasury.’”

“The NNPCL in 2021 also reportedly spent over GBP£14 million [£14,322,426.59] ‘to repair its London office.’ But ‘there was no evidence to show that the money was actually spent, and no documents of any spending’.”

“The NNPCL also ‘irregularly paid’ over USD$22 million [$22,842,938.28] to a contractor for lifting 9 cargoes of crude oil.’ The NNPCL ‘failed to explain why the amount due to it from crude from January to October 2019 was only $4,858,997.22 and why the contractor got over $22 million for crude for the same period.’”
“The NNPCL in 2021 ‘irregularly paid N2.3 billion [N2,379,488,622.99] as car cash option to 100 staff’ but ‘without the approval of the National Salaries, Incomes and Wages Commission’, and ‘without any document to show that the 100 staff applied for the cash options and any rationale for the payments.’”

“The NNPCL in 2021 also reportedly ‘failed to deduct statutory taxes of over N247 million [N247,181,597.92] from payments made to contractors and service providers.’ The NNPCL also ‘failed to deduct statutory taxes of over USD$529,000 [$529,863.24] from payments made to contractors and service providers.’”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over N3bn [N3,445,022,107.40] for various services’ but ‘without any documents or trace’. The Auditor-General fears ‘the money may have diverted’.”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly renewed a contract for over USD$1 million [$1,801,500.00] for charter hire of coastal vessel.’ The money was paid ‘before the consummation of a formal contract ratification.’”

“The NNPCL also ‘irregularly paid a contractor over N355 million [N355,436,310.42] as consultancy fees for negotiating and securing waiver to avoid demurrage on abandoned cargoes.’”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over N474 million [N474,462,744.53] to a contractor for the connection of Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company Limited to the National Grid.’ The Auditor-General is concerned ‘the money may have been lost’.”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over USD$2 million [$2,006,293.20] to a contractor for the rehabilitation and upgrade of system-depot project’, but ‘without any documents’. The NNPCL also ‘paid over N478 million [N478,505,300.00] to a contractor for the rehabilitation and upgrade of system-depot project’, but ‘without any documents’.”

“The NNPCL in 2019 ‘awarded a contract for over USD$8 million [$8, 211,432.00] ‘for the emergency procurement and installation of custody transfer meters on crude oil and product pipelines at eleven locations.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the payments may be for work not executed.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid over €5 million [€5,165,426.26] to a contractor for the operation and maintenance of Atlas Cove Jetty Facility’ but ‘without any documents.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted’.”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over USD$1 million [$1,035,132.81] as legacy debt for charter hire of coastal vessels to a company without power of attorney.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted’.’”

“The NNPCL ‘inflated a contract for over USD$1 million [$1,926,497.38] to hire a Time Charter for Carriage of Petroleum Products.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted’.”

“The NNPCL ‘paid $156,000.00 to a consultant as outstanding fee for advising on the financing of the rehabilitation of PHRC’, but ‘the payment is doubtful’’. The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted’.”

“The NNPCL ‘failed to deduct USD$8,355.18 as taxes from the payment of outstanding fees to a consultant for advising on the financing of the rehabilitation of PHRC.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid over N82 million [N82,647,151.00] to a consultant for geotechnical/geophysical investigations of the proposed Independent Power Plant Project site.’ But ‘there was no document showing any evidence of payment’. The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted.’”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over N246 million [N246,196,566.00] for a contract for the purchase and supply of 2400 meters of seamless carbon steel pipe to Warri Refinery Petrochemicals Company Limited.’ But ‘the contract was not never executed and the items were not supplied.’”

“The NNPCL ‘failed to deduct over N46 million [N46,244,033.79] as taxes from a consultancy contract in December 2020 and 2021.’ The Auditor-General wants ‘the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid N200 million [N200,000,000.00] as settlement for tax renegotiation.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted.’”

“The NNPCL ‘failed to remit over N12 billion [N12,721,000,000.00] into the general reserve fund its operating surplus for December 2020.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid N152 million [N152,000,000.00] to a company to execute a procurement contract requested from the Office of the Inspector-General of Police’, but ‘without any documents.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid N25,000,000.00 as additional consultancy fee on a contract for accounting support.’ The Auditor-General fears that ‘the money may have been diverted.’ He wants ‘the money recovered and remitted to the treasury.’”

“The NNPCL ‘paid over USD$12 million [$12,444,313.22] to a contractor to buy and instal new diesel generation set at Mosimi Depot.’ But there is no evidence that the project has been fully executed ‘despite the fact that the contract specified that the project awarded in 2020 should be completed within 15 months.’”

“The NNPCL ‘irregularly paid over N145 million [N145,933,833.00] for a contract for the operation and maintenance of Electro-Mechanical Facilities in the NNPC Towers. The ‘contract was automatically renewed on yearly basis without creating room for a fresh contract where other consultants would be given an opportunity of being considered’. The Auditor-General wants the money accounted for.”

“The NNPCL ‘paid 13 contractors over N1 billion [N1,212,192,409.97] for various works between 2020 and 2021’, but ‘there is no evidence of any work done by the contractors as there were no supporting documents.’”

No date has been fixed for the hearing of the suit.

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Ingentia Energies Focused on Exponential Growth

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Ingentia Energies Limited has said it is targeting an expansion of its drilling operations after increasing its oil production by 150 per cent under the leadership of Engr Charles Odita as the company’s acting Chief Executive Officer.

This was disclosed in a statement signed by the Chairman of the Board, Chief Oseni Elamah, following a meeting in Lagos attended by Agbaroji and the outgoing CEO, Odita, after Victor Agbaroji assumed office as the company’s new Managing Director and CEO.

The board commended Odita for what it described as transformational leadership, noting that “production increased by 150 per cent during his tenure, from 2,200 barrels per day”.

READ ALSO: ‘Another Oil Shock Is Coming’ — Badenoch Calls for North Sea Drilling Amid Middle East Supply Disruptions

Elamah extended congratulations and appreciation to Odita, describing his tenure as transformational and characterised by strategic clarity, decisive execution and exceptional leadership.

Agbaroji, who succeeded Odita, expressed appreciation for the achievements recorded under his predecessor and pledged to build on the foundation already established.

He identified enhancing drilling operations, maximising the value of existing assets, improving cost competitiveness, expanding the company’s portfolio and unlocking greater value from its gas resources as key priorities for the next phase of growth.

“Our immediate focus is to strengthen the next phase of our drilling campaign by leveraging the seismic acquisition programme currently underway.

This will enable us to execute a more robust and efficient drilling programme while improving exploration outcomes and operational performance,” Agbaroji said.

He also stressed the importance of crude oil evacuation infrastructure to future production growth, saying the company would intensify efforts to advance its pipeline evacuation project.

Agbaroji reaffirmed management’s commitment to sustaining the momentum achieved under Odita, adding that the company would continue to benefit from the experience and institutional knowledge developed during his tenure.

The leadership transition is expected to consolidate Ingentia’s recent gains, expand production capacity, improve operational efficiency and strengthen its position as an indigenous energy company.

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Dangote IPO Will Spread Wealth Across Nigeria – Emir Sanusi

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A prominent royal father has mounted a spirited defence of the Dangote Petroleum Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (DPRP), dismissing criticisms of the Initial Public Offering (IPO) and challenging detractors to replicate its scale by raising the estimated $22 billion required to build a competing refinery.

The Emir of Kano, His Royal Highness Khalifa Muhammadu Sanusi II, on Thursday made the remarks during the DPRP’s “People’s IPO” roadshow in Kano, where he passionately advocated broader Nigerian participation in the IPO as a pathway to wealth creation and economic inclusion.

Addressing a gathering of investors, business leaders, professionals and members of the public, the former Central Bank Governor described the refinery as one of the most significant industrial projects in Africa’s history and urged Kano residents to seize the opportunity to become shareholders.

According to the Emir, equity ownership represents one of the most effective means through which ordinary citizens can participate directly in national economic growth and build long-term financial security.

“Kano is a commercial city with a long tradition of trade, investment and entrepreneurship. Our people understand business, and they should understand the value of owning shares in productive enterprises,” he said.

READ ALSO: The Soludo, Obi Spat – When Brothers Fight to the Finish

Drawing from personal experience, Sanusi recounted his interactions with Aliko Dangote during his banking career in the late 1990s when Dangote Group was evolving from a trading company into a manufacturing powerhouse.

The Emir revealed that many observers at the time questioned Dangote’s strategy of deploying short-term financing to support long-term industrial investments. However, he noted that what critics considered risky was actually a demonstration of strategic foresight and a deep commitment to transforming Nigeria’s productive capacity.
Recalling the philosophy that drove the company’s industrial expansion, the monarch said the vision was anchored on a simple principle: producing domestically what Nigerians consume daily instead of relying excessively on imports.

“Somebody needs to produce the petrol for your cars, somebody needs to produce the cement for your houses, somebody needs to produce the food that you eat. We are importing these things from Asia, Europe and America. Our strategy is to produce those things here,” he stated.

The Emir described the Dangote Refinery as a game-changing investment that could fundamentally alter the structure of the Nigerian economy by reducing dependence on imported petroleum products and preserving foreign exchange.

Drawing on his experience at the nation’s apex bank, Sanusi explained that Nigeria had historically earned foreign exchange through crude oil exports only to expend a substantial portion of it importing refined fuel.

“What Aliko has done is disrupt that model,” he said.

According to him, the emergence of a world-class refinery on Nigerian soil positions the country not merely as an exporter of crude oil but as a major supplier of refined petroleum products to regional and international markets.

As evidence of the refinery’s growing global relevance, he cited reports that European airlines had sourced aviation fuel from the facility during recent supply disruptions linked to tensions around the Strait of Hormuz, underscoring its ability to compete effectively on the global stage.

Sanusi also addressed concerns raised by critics who have accused the refinery of seeking market dominance. The monarch firmly rejected such claims, arguing that competition remains open to anyone willing to undertake the financial and operational challenges associated with large-scale refining.

“There is no monopoly if a monopoly is not protected by law,” he declared.

“Anybody who wants to build a refinery, anybody who wants to raise $22 billion, invest and go through what Aliko went through is welcome to do so.”

The comment drew applause from participants at the roadshow, many of whom viewed the statement as a direct response to persistent criticism of the refinery’s market influence.

The Emir stressed that Nigeria’s economic future depends on encouraging more investments in productive industries capable of creating jobs, generating exports and strengthening local value chains. He warned against a culture that prioritises speculation and the accumulation of overseas assets at the expense of domestic industrial development.

He therefore described the Dangote Refinery IPO as a historic opportunity for millions of Nigerians to own a stake in one of Africa’s most strategic industrial assets.

“It is the shareholders who own it. It is the shareholders who take the returns. It is the shareholders who own the profits,” he said.

While encouraging broad participation, the respected traditional ruler advised prospective investors to approach the market responsibly. He urged citizens to invest only funds they could afford to commit for the long term and not resources earmarked for essential family needs.

In his closing remarks, Sanusi called on Kano residents and Nigerians generally to embrace the capital market and take advantage of the IPO, arguing that widespread ownership would democratise wealth generation and deepen public participation in national economic development.

He said broader participation in the Dangote Refinery IPO would not only reward investors financially but also strengthen local ownership of critical national infrastructure, expand financial inclusion and ensure that the benefits of industrialisation are shared more widely across the country.

“The opportunity is here. The question is whether you will participate,” the Emir told the audience.

The DPRP IPO roadshow, tagged “Kano Grand Homecoming,” brought together leading figures from Nigeria’s business, investment and financial sectors, including Aliko Dangote, President of Dangote Industries Limited; Bismarck Rewane, Managing Director of Financial Derivatives Company; Adetilewa Adebajo, CEO of CFG Advisory; and other capital market stakeholders.

Photo Caption – From Left: Emir of Kano, His Highness, Muhammadu Sanusi II (Special Guest of Honour & Chairman); President/CE, Dangote Industries Limited, Aliko Dangote, at the Dangote Petroleum Refinery IPO Roadshow tagged “Kano Grand Homecoming” in Kano on Thursday, September 17, 2026.

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How Nigeria’s Foreign Reserves Rose to $54.61bn in 2026

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Nigeria’s gross foreign exchange reserves have risen to $54.61 billion in 2026, representing a $12.76 billion increase from the $41.84 billion recorded a year earlier.

The latest figure, recorded as of September, represents a 30.5 per cent year-on-year increase and continues a steady accumulation of Nigeria’s external reserves that became more pronounced from the middle of the year.

But how did Nigeria build up such a substantial reserve position within months?

Available data and analysis point to a combination of stronger oil-sector earnings, increased foreign capital inflows, diaspora remittances, non-oil export proceeds and changes in foreign exchange and monetary management.

Oil production and earnings

One of the factors supporting the improvement has been stronger crude oil production.

SEE ALSO: Nigeria Beats 2026 Foreign Reserves Target, Hits $53.1b

Analysis of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) data by Nairametrics showed that reserves stood at $49.80 billion on June 1 before crossing the $50 billion mark on June 4. By July 3, the balance had risen to $51.53 billion and subsequently moved above $52 billion in August.

Earlier CBN data analysis also showed that crude oil and condensate production averaged about 1.68 million barrels per day in April, 1.73 million barrels per day in May and 1.72 million barrels per day in June, before standing at about 1.68 million barrels per day in July.

The stronger production has coincided with higher oil-sector revenues. Nairametrics reported that NNPC revenue rose from N2.57 trillion in January to N2.68 trillion in February and N2.77 trillion in March, before jumping to N4.97 trillion in April. It subsequently stood at N4.34 trillion in May, N4.39 trillion in June and N3.09 trillion in July.

Aminu Gwambe, President of the Association of Bureaux De Change Operators of Nigeria, also attributed part of the reserve improvement to higher crude oil prices and increased production.

According to Gwambe, reduced volatility in the Niger Delta and lower crude oil theft have helped improve production and, consequently, foreign exchange receipts.

Foreign capital inflows surge

Another major development has been the increase in foreign capital entering Nigeria.
Nigeria attracted $10.37 billion in foreign capital in the first quarter of 2026, representing an 83.8 per cent increase from the $5.64 billion recorded in the corresponding period of 2025, according to National Bureau of Statistics data.

Portfolio investment accounted for the overwhelming majority of the inflows, reaching $9.86 billion, or 95.09 per cent of total capital imported during the quarter.

The banking sector attracted $7.55 billion, representing 72.79 per cent of total capital imported, while the financing sector received $2.43 billion.

The United Kingdom was the largest source of the foreign capital, contributing $5.08 billion, followed by the United States with $3.18 billion and South Africa with $983.83 million.

The increase in portfolio inflows has been linked by analysts to improved conditions in Nigeria’s foreign exchange market and the attractiveness of Nigerian financial assets and yields.

However, the composition of the inflows is significant because portfolio investments can be more easily reversed than longer-term foreign direct investment.

Remittances and non-oil exports

The reserve buildup has also been linked to stronger diaspora remittances passing through official channels.

Gwambe pointed to increased remittance flows following Nigeria’s foreign exchange reforms, as well as growing dollar liquidity through licensed fintech channels.

Higher non-oil export proceeds have also contributed to the country’s foreign exchange earnings, while improvements in fiscal and monetary management have supported the broader accumulation.

These sources are important because they provide foreign exchange beyond crude oil, although their contribution must be viewed alongside the much larger role still played by oil and financial-market inflows.

Foreign investors show greater interest
Chief Executive Officer of the Centre for the Promotion of Private Enterprise, Dr Muda Yusuf, linked part of the improvement to stronger foreign investor confidence and increased portfolio inflows.

Yusuf said, “It takes a lot of confidence in an economy for foreign inflows to come in,” while also pointing to improving export performance.

A source at the CBN disclosed that interest from foreign investors in Nigerian government securities had increased, with the apex bank receiving enquiries from foreign investors seeking information about Nigeria’s long-term bonds.

The development suggests that some investors are showing greater interest in holding Nigerian financial assets, although the extent to which such inflows remain in the country over the longer term remains uncertain.

FX and monetary reforms

Changes in Nigeria’s foreign exchange management have also played a role in the changing external position.

Analysts have linked stronger inflows partly to reforms aimed at improving liquidity and reducing distortions in the foreign exchange market.

The improvement in reserves has occurred alongside a period of relative stability in the naira.

The currency closed at N1,329.50/$ on September 15, compared with N1,328/$ on September 10, with the naira remaining within a narrow range over four consecutive trading sessions.

The stronger reserve position gives the CBN a larger external buffer with which to respond to temporary foreign exchange pressures and manage excessive volatility.

The numbers show how quickly reserves have accumulated
The pace of accumulation has accelerated during 2026.

Reserves stood at $50.03 billion in March and reached $49.80 billion on June 1. They crossed $50 billion on June 4 and reached $51.53 billion by July 3.

By August 14, reserves had risen to $52.32 billion.

They then climbed to $53.90 billion on September 1, $54.08 billion on September 3 and finally $54.61 billion on September 14.

That means Nigeria added about $707.75 million to its reserves during the first 14 days of September alone, while the balance increased by about $2.28 billion between August 14 and September 14.

The current position is also above the approximately $51.04 billion reserve level projected by the CBN for the whole of 2026.

Sustainability remains a concern

Despite the sharp increase, analysts have cautioned that the composition of the reserves matters as much as the headline figure.

A former Access Bank Treasury official noted that it is difficult to attribute the buildup to one particular source because several channels contribute to reserve accumulation.

Portfolio inflows can strengthen Nigeria’s foreign exchange liquidity, but they can also leave quickly when global interest rates, exchange-rate expectations or investor sentiment change.

Similarly, oil remains vulnerable to fluctuations in international crude prices and disruptions to domestic production.
Olu Olajemgbese of the University of Abuja therefore argued that a more sustainable improvement would require a broader mix of foreign exchange sources, including non-oil exports, remittances and productive foreign direct investment.

Gwambe has also raised concerns about the continuing gap between the official and parallel foreign exchange markets.

“My worry is on the inherent gaps between the official market and the parallel market rates,” he said.

He called for greater integration of Bureau de Change operators into the formal foreign exchange system and increased participation in the market.

 

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